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itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="涛声依旧"></span><div class="body md" itemprop="articleBody"><h4 id="简介"><a class="anchor" href="#简介">#</a> 简介</h4><blockquote><p>当单表数据量过大时，就需要考虑对表进行分表或者分区了。分表和分区都是用来解决数据库中大量数据存储和查询效率的问题，但它们的实现方式和解决的问题有所不同。</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>分表（Sharding）：</p></blockquote><ul><li>分表是将一个大表按照某种规则拆分成多个较小的表，每个小表称为一个分表，这些分表可以分布在不同的数据库实例中。</li><li>分表通常基于某种规则进行拆分，例如按照用户 ID、地理位置等进行拆分。</li><li>分表的主要目的是解决单个表过大的问题，提高查询效率和并发能力。</li></ul><blockquote><p>分区（Partitioning）：</p></blockquote><ul><li>分区是将一个表按照某种规则拆分成多个逻辑上的部分，每个部分称为一个分区，但这些分区仍然属于同一个表。</li><li>分区通常基于某种规则进行拆分，例如按照时间、范围、哈希值等进行拆分。</li><li>分区的主要目的是提高数据的管理和查询效率，通过将数据分散到不同的分区中，可以提高查询性能和管理灵活性。</li></ul><blockquote><p>区别：</p></blockquote><ul><li>实现方式：分表是将一个表拆分成多个子表，每个子表都是一个独立的表；而分区是将一个表按照某种规则拆分成多个逻辑上的部分，这些部分仍然属于同一个表。</li><li>解决的问题：分表主要解决单个表过大的问题，提高查询效率和并发能力；而分区主要提高数据的管理和查询效率，通过将数据分散到不同的分区中，可以提高查询性能和管理灵活性。</li><li>适用场景：分表适用于单表数据量巨大的情况，例如大型电商平台的订单表；而分区适用于需要根据某种规则对数据进行划分管理的情况，例如按照时间对日志表进行分区。</li></ul><h4 id="实现细节"><a class="anchor" href="#实现细节">#</a> 实现细节</h4><blockquote><p>本文章介绍的是如何对单表进行分区。</p></blockquote><h6 id="给表添加分区"><a class="anchor" href="#给表添加分区">#</a> 给表添加分区</h6><p></p><figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span> 表名（字段）</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">PARTITION</span> <span class="keyword">BY</span> <span class="keyword">RANGE</span> COLUMNS (时间字段名) (</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">-- 分区条件（时间小于2022-02-01的数据放入p202201分区中）</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">PARTITION</span> p202201 <span class="keyword">VALUES</span> LESS THAN (<span class="string">'2022-02-01'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">PARTITION</span> p202202 <span class="keyword">VALUES</span> LESS THAN (<span class="string">'2022-03-01'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">PARTITION</span> p202203 <span class="keyword">VALUES</span> LESS THAN (<span class="string">'2022-04-01'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">-- 继续定义更多的分区...</span></span><br><span class="line">);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p></p><h6 id="按指定表名创建当前年月的分区"><a class="anchor" href="#按指定表名创建当前年月的分区">#</a> 按指定表名创建当前年月的分区</h6><p></p><figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="keyword">PROCEDURE</span> create_monthly_partition(<span class="keyword">IN</span> tableName <span class="type">VARCHAR</span>(<span class="number">255</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">BEGIN</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">DECLARE</span> currentYear <span class="type">INT</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">DECLARE</span> currentMonth <span class="type">INT</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">DECLARE</span> nextYear <span class="type">INT</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">DECLARE</span> nextMonth <span class="type">INT</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">DECLARE</span> partitionName <span class="type">VARCHAR</span>(<span class="number">255</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">SET</span> currentYear <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="keyword">YEAR</span>(<span class="built_in">CURRENT_DATE</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">SET</span> currentMonth <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="keyword">MONTH</span>(<span class="built_in">CURRENT_DATE</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">-- 计算下一个月的年份和月份</span></span><br><span class="line"> IF currentMonth <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="number">12</span> <span class="keyword">THEN</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">SET</span> nextYear <span class="operator">=</span> currentYear <span class="operator">+</span> <span class="number">1</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">SET</span> nextMonth <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="number">1</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">ELSE</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">SET</span> nextYear <span class="operator">=</span> currentYear;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">SET</span> nextMonth <span class="operator">=</span> currentMonth <span class="operator">+</span> <span class="number">1</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">END</span> IF;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">SET</span> partitionName <span class="operator">=</span> CONCAT(<span class="string">'p'</span>, currentYear, LPAD(currentMonth, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">0</span>));</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">SET</span> <span class="variable">@sql</span> <span class="operator">=</span> CONCAT(<span class="string">'ALTER TABLE '</span>, tableName, </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">' ADD PARTITION (PARTITION '</span>, partitionName,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">' VALUES LESS THAN (\'', nextYear, '</span><span class="operator">-</span><span class="string">', LPAD(nextMonth, 2, 0), '</span><span class="number">-01</span>\<span class="string">''</span>, <span class="string">'))'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">PREPARE</span> stmt <span class="keyword">FROM</span> <span class="variable">@sql</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">EXECUTE</span> stmt;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">DEALLOCATE</span> <span class="keyword">PREPARE</span> stmt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">END</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p></p><h6 id="调用创建新分区"><a class="anchor" href="#调用创建新分区">#</a> 调用创建新分区</h6><p></p><figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CALL</span> create_monthly_partition(<span class="string">'表名'</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p></p><h6 id="删除指定分区"><a class="anchor" href="#删除指定分区">#</a> 删除指定分区</h6><p></p><figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">drop</span> <span class="keyword">PARTITION</span> 分区名;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p></p><h6 id="每月执行一次调用指定表添加新分区"><a class="anchor" href="#每月执行一次调用指定表添加新分区">#</a> 每月执行一次调用指定表添加新分区</h6><p></p><figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CREATE</span> EVENT create_monthly_partition_event</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ON</span> SCHEDULE <span class="keyword">EVERY</span> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="keyword">MONTH</span></span><br><span class="line">STARTS <span class="string">'2024-01-01 00:00:00.000'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ON</span> COMPLETION <span class="keyword">NOT</span> PRESERVE</span><br><span class="line">ENABLE</span><br><span class="line">DO <span class="keyword">begin</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">DECLARE</span> CONTINUE HANDLER <span class="keyword">FOR</span> <span class="keyword">SQLEXCEPTION</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">BEGIN</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">-- 捕获异常，记录错误信息，然后继续执行</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">SET</span> <span class="variable">@error</span>_message <span class="operator">=</span> CONCAT(<span class="string">'Error occurred while processing table: '</span>, <span class="variable">@tableName</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">-- 可以将错误信息插入到日志表，或者使用 SELECT 输出错误信息</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">SELECT</span> <span class="variable">@error</span>_message;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">END</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">-- 定义需要分区的表名列表</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">SET</span> <span class="variable">@tables</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="string">'表名1,表名2'</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">-- 遍历表名列表并为每个表创建分区</span></span><br><span class="line"> WHILE <span class="keyword">CHAR_LENGTH</span>(<span class="variable">@tables</span>) <span class="operator">></span> <span class="number">0</span> DO</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">SET</span> <span class="variable">@tableName</span> <span class="operator">=</span> SUBSTRING_INDEX(<span class="variable">@tables</span>, <span class="string">','</span>, <span class="number">1</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">SET</span> <span class="variable">@tables</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="built_in">SUBSTRING</span>(<span class="variable">@tables</span>, <span class="keyword">CHAR_LENGTH</span>(<span class="variable">@tableName</span>) <span class="operator">+</span> <span class="number">2</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">CALL</span> create_monthly_partition(<span class="variable">@tableName</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">END</span> WHILE;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">end</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p></p><div class="tags"><a href="/tags/mysql/" rel="tag"><i class="ic i-tag"></i> mysql</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA/" rel="tag"><i class="ic i-tag"></i> 表分区</a></div></div><footer><div class="meta"><span class="item"><span class="icon"><i class="ic i-calendar-check"></i> </span><span class="text">更新于</span> <time title="修改时间：2024-08-21 11:03:34" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2024-08-21T11:03:34+08:00">2024-08-21</time> </span><span id="2024/05/10/MySQL表分区/" class="item leancloud_visitors" data-flag-title="MySQL 表分区" title="阅读次数"><span class="icon"><i class="ic i-eye"></i> </span><span class="text">阅读次数</span> <span class="leancloud-visitors-count"></span> <span 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class="contents panel pjax" data-title="文章目录"><ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">简介</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E7%BB%86%E8%8A%82"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">实现细节</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-6"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BB%99%E8%A1%A8%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA"><span class="toc-number">2.0.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">给表添加分区</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-6"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%8C%89%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E8%A1%A8%E5%90%8D%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E5%BD%93%E5%89%8D%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%88%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA"><span class="toc-number">2.0.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">按指定表名创建当前年月的分区</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-6"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%B0%83%E7%94%A8%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E6%96%B0%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA"><span class="toc-number">2.0.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">调用创建新分区</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-6"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%88%A0%E9%99%A4%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA"><span class="toc-number">2.0.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">删除指定分区</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-6"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%AF%8F%E6%9C%88%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E8%B0%83%E7%94%A8%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E8%A1%A8%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%B0%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA"><span class="toc-number">2.0.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">每月执行一次调用指定表添加新分区</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div><div class="related panel pjax" data-title="系列文章"><ul><li><a href="/2022/11/21/mysql%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93auto-increment%E8%87%AA%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%98%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95/" rel="bookmark" title="mysql数据库auto_increment自增长不变的处理方法">mysql数据库auto_increment自增长不变的处理方法</a></li><li><a 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